发布需求今天和大家一起探讨一下关于MySQL复制技术的相关问题，包括异步复制、半同步复制等等内容，希望能够对您有所帮助。
异步复制
在异步复制（async replication）中，Master不用关心Slave是否接收到二进制日志，所以Master与Slave没有任何的依赖关系。你可以认为Master和Slave是分别独自工作的两台服务器，数据最终会通过二进制日志达到一致。
异步复制的性能最好，因为它对数据库本身几乎没有任何开销，除非主从延迟非常大，Dump Thread需要读取大量二进制日志文件。
如果业务对于数据一致性要求不高，当发生故障时，能容忍数据的丢失，甚至大量的丢失，推荐用异步复制，这样性能最好（比如像微博这样的业务，虽然它对性能的要求极高，但对于数据丢失，通常可以容忍）。但往往核心业务系统最关心的就是数据安全，比如监控业务、告警系统。
异步复制环境的规划：
● master（docker），端口3310
● slave（docker），端口3311
master的配置
配置文件my.cnf
$ sudo cat /home/mysql/docker-data/3311/conf/my.cnf # For advice on how to change settings please see # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/server-configuration-defaults.html [mysqld] # # Remove leading # and set to the amount of RAM for the most important data # cache in MySQL. Start at 70% of total RAM for dedicated server, else 10%. # innodb_buffer_pool_size = 128M # # Remove leading # to turn on a very important data integrity option: logging # changes to the binary log between backups. # log_bin # # Remove leading # to set options mainly useful for reporting servers. # The server defaults are faster for transactions and fast SELECTs. # Adjust sizes as needed, experiment to find the optimal values. # join_buffer_size = 128M # sort_buffer_size = 2M # read_rnd_buffer_size = 2M #datadir=/home/mysql/docker-data/3307/data #socket=/home/mysql/docker-data/3307/mysql.sock character_set_server=utf8 init_connect='SET NAMES utf8' # Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks symbolic-links=0 #log-error=/home/mysql/docker-data/3307/logs/mysqld.log #pid-file=/home/mysql/docker-data/3307/mysqld.pid lower_case_table_names=1 # 表名是否小写 server-id=1403311 log-bin=mysql-bin # 开启binlog binlog-format=ROW # binlog的格式 auto_increment_increment=1 # 自增的步长，适用于主主复制，为了避免id冲突，步长设置为master的个数 auto_increment_offset=1 # 自增的偏移，主主复制每个master的偏移需要不一致 # binlog-do-db=mstest # 要同步的数据库 # binlog-ignore-db=mysql # 要忽略的数据库 #rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled=1 #rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout=10000
启动mysql：
$ docker run --name mysql3310 -p 3310:3306 --privileged=true -ti -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root -e MYSQL_DATABASE=order -e MYSQL_USER=user -e MYSQL_PASSWORD=pass -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3310/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3310/data/:/var/lib/mysql -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3310/logs/:/var/log/mysql -d mysql:5.7
创建用于同步的用户：
mysql> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE,FILE,REPLICATION CLIENT ON *.* TO 'repluser'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '123456'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec) mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
在master上查看master的二进制日志：
mysql> show master status; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ | mysql-bin.000003 | 1147 | | | | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查看master上的进程列表：
mysql> show processlist; +----+----------+------------------+-------+-------------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+ | Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info | +----+----------+------------------+-------+-------------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+ | 2 | root | localhost | order | Query | 0 | starting | show processlist | | 6 | repluser | 172.17.0.1:48450 | NULL | Binlog Dump | 448 | Master has sent all binlog to slave; waiting for more updates | NULL | +----+----------+------------------+-------+-------------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
slave的配置
配置文件my.cnf与master的配置一致，除了server-id字段需唯一。
启动mysql：
$ docker run --name mysql3311 -p 3311:3306 --privileged=true -ti -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root -e MYSQL_DATABASE=order -e MYSQL_USER=user -e MYSQL_PASSWORD=pass -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3311/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3311/data/:/var/lib/mysql -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3311/logs/:/var/log/mysql -d mysql:5.7
在slave中设置master的信息：
# master_log_file和master_log_pos取上面show master status显示的值mysql> change master to master_host='172.23.252.98',master_port=3310,master_user='repluser',master_password='123456',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000003',master_log_pos=1147;
开启slave，启动SQL和IO线程：
mysql> start slave;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
查看slave的状态：
mysql> show slave status\G;*************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.54.214 Master_User: repluser Master_Port: 3310 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000003 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 1147 Relay_Log_File: 2da789531bf3-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 320 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000003 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 1147 Relay_Log_Space: 534 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: Master_Server_Id: 1403311 Master_UUID: cd2eaa0a-7a59-11ec-b3b4-0242ac110002 Master_Info_File: /var/lib/mysql/master.info SQL_Delay: 0 SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates Master_Retry_Count: 86400 Master_Bind: Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: Master_SSL_Crl: Master_SSL_Crlpath: Retrieved_Gtid_Set: Executed_Gtid_Set: Auto_Position: 0 Replicate_Rewrite_DB: Channel_Name: Master_TLS_Version:1 row in set (0.00 sec)
只有新增的数据才会进行复制，存量的数据需要手动使用工具（如mysqldump）进行同步。
查看slave上的进程列表：
mysql> show processlist; +----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------+------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+ | Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info | +----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------+------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+ | 4 | root | localhost | order | Query | 0 | starting | show processlist | | 7 | system user | | NULL | Connect | 533 | Waiting for master to send event | NULL | | 8 | system user | | NULL | Connect | 127 | Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates | NULL | +----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------+------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
半同步复制
半同步复制是MySQL 5.7版本前的半同步复制机制。
半同步复制要求Master事务提交过程中，至少有N个Slave接收到二进制日志，这样就能保证当Master发生宕机，至少有N 台Slave服务器中的数据是完整的。
半同步复制并不是MySQL内置的功能，而是要安装半同步插件，并启用半同步复制功能，设置N个Slave接受二进制日志成功。
缺点：假设user1在主库插入了一条数据，正在等待数据返回，user2这时就能查询到这条数据了，如果此时master挂了，user2又查不到这条数据了，产生了类似幻读的现象。
我来说两句